Okwangoku, ihlabathi lenze isivumelwano malunga nokuphuhliswa kohlaza kweeplastiki. Phantse amazwe angama-90 kunye nemimandla iye yazisa imigaqo-nkqubo efanelekileyo okanye imimiselo yokulawula okanye ukuvala iimveliso zeplastiki ezilahlayo ezingenakonakala. Utshintsho olutsha lophuhliso lweeplastiki luqale kwihlabathi liphela. Kwilizwe lethu, uqoqosho oluluhlaza, olunekhabhoni ephantsi, kunye nolwesetyhula luye lwaba ngowona mgaqo-nkqubo wezoshishino ngexesha le-“Plani yeMinyaka emiHlanu” ye-14.
Uphononongo lufumene ukuba nangona iiplastiki ezichithwayo ziya kuphuhlisa kwinqanaba elithile phantsi kokukhuthazwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo, ixabiso liphezulu, kuya kuba namandla okuvelisa ngokugqithiseleyo kwixesha elizayo, kwaye igalelo ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwe-emission aliyi kubonakala. Ukurisayikilishwa kweplastiki kuhlangabezana neemfuno zoqoqosho oluluhlaza, oluphantsi kwekhabhoni kunye nesetyhula. Ngokunyuka kwamaxabiso okurhweba ngekhabhoni kunye nokunyanzeliswa kweerhafu zomda wekhabhoni, ukongezwa okunyanzelekileyo kwezinto ezihlaziyiweyo kuya kuba yinto ephambili. Zombini ukurisayikilishwa ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nokurisayikilishwa kwakhona kweekhemikhali kuya kuba nokwanda kwamashumi ezigidi zeetoni. Ngokukodwa, ukurisayikilishwa kweekhemikhali kuya kuba yeyona nto iphambili yophuhliso lweplastiki eluhlaza. Ngo-2030, izinga lelizwe lam lokuphinda lisetyenziswe iplastiki liza kunyuka liye kuma-45% ukuya kuma-50%. Uyilo olulula ukurisayikilishwa lujolise ekwandiseni izinga lokurisayikilishwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwexabiso eliphezulu lenkunkuma yeplastiki. Ubuchule obutsha bunokuvelisa izigidi zeetoni zemfuno yentengiso yeplastiki ye-metallocene.
Ukomeleza ukurisayikilishwa kweplastiki yindlela eqhelekileyo yehlabathi
Ukusombulula ingxaki yongcoliseko olumhlophe olubangelwa ziiplastiki ezilahliweyo yinjongo yokuqala yamazwe amaninzi ehlabathini lonke ukwazisa imigaqo-nkqubo enxulumene nolawulo lweplastiki. Okwangoku, impendulo yamazwe ngamazwe kwingxaki yenkunkuma yeplastiki ikakhulu kukukhawulela okanye ukuvala ukusetyenziswa kweemveliso zeplastiki ekunzima ukuzisebenzisa kwakhona, ukukhuthaza ukuphinda kusetyenziswe iplastiki, kunye nokusebenzisa izinto zeplastiki ezonakeleyo. Phakathi kwazo, ukomeleza ukurisayikilishwa kweplastiki yeyona ndlela iphambili yehlabathi.
Ukwandisa umlinganiselo wokwenziwa ngokutsha kweplastiki lukhetho lokuqala kumazwe aphuhlileyo. I-European Union inyanzelise "irhafu yokupakisha yeplastiki" kwiiplastiki ezingaphindi zisetyenziswe kumazwe angamalungu ukusuka nge-1 kaJanuwari 2021, kwaye yavala iindidi ezili-10 zeemveliso zeplastiki ezilahlwayo ezifana ne-polystyrene eyandisiweyo ekungeneni kwimarike yaseYurophu. Irhafu yokupakishwa inyanzelisa iinkampani zeemveliso zeplastiki ukuba zisebenzise iplastiki ehlaziyiweyo. Ngo-2025, i-EU iya kusebenzisa izinto zokupakisha ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe. Okwangoku, ukusetyenziswa kwelizwe lam ngonyaka izinto zeplastiki ekrwada idlula 100 million iitoni, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba ifikelele ngaphezu kwe-150 yezigidi zeetoni ngo-2030. Uqikelelo olurhabaxa lubonisa ukuba ukuthunyelwa kweplastiki yelizwe lam kwi-EU kuya kufikelela kwi-2.6 yezigidi zeetoni ngo-2030, kunye nerhafu yokupakisha ye-2.07 yeebhiliyoni zee-euro iya kufuneka. Njengoko umgaqo-nkqubo werhafu wokupakishwa weplastiki we-EU uqhubeka nokuhambela phambili, imarike yeplastiki yasekhaya iya kujongana nemingeni. Ukwenziwa yirhafu yokupakishwa, kunyanzelekile ukongeza imathiriyeli esetyenzisiweyo kwiimveliso zeplastiki ukuqinisekisa inzuzo yamashishini elizwe lethu.
Kwinqanaba lobuchwephesha, uphando lwangoku malunga nophuhliso lohlaza lweeplastiki kumazwe aphuhlileyo lujolise ikakhulu kuyilo olulula lokurisayikilishwa kweemveliso zeplastiki kunye nophuhliso lobuchwepheshe bokurisayikilisha iikhemikhali. Nangona itekhnoloji enokubola yebhayoloji yaqala yaqalwa ngamazwe aseYurophu naseMelika, ulangazelelo lwangoku lokukhuthaza iteknoloji alikho phezulu.
Ukurisayikilishwa kweplastiki ikakhulu kubandakanya iindlela ezimbini zokusetyenziswa: ukurisayikilishwa ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nokurisayikilishwa kweekhemikhali. Ukuhlaziywa komzimba okwangoku kuyindlela eqhelekileyo yokubuyisela iplastiki, kodwa ekubeni uhlaziyo ngalunye luya kunciphisa umgangatho weeplastiki ezisetyenzisiweyo, ukuvuselelwa ngoomatshini kunye nomzimba kunemida ethile. Kwiimveliso zeplastiki ezikumgangatho ophantsi okanye ezingenakuphinda zihlaziywe ngokulula, iindlela zokuphinda zisetyenziswe iikhemikhali zinokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi, oko kukuthi, inkunkuma yeplastiki iphathwa njenge "oyile ekrwada" ukuze icocwe ukufezekisa ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kwenkunkuma yeplastiki ngelixa unqanda ukuthotywa kwesiqhelo. iimveliso zokuphinda zisetyenziswe.
Uyilo olulula ukurisayikilisheka, njengoko igama libonisa, lithetha ukuba iimveliso ezinxulumene neplastiki zithathela ingqalelo imiba yokurisayikilishwa ngexesha lemveliso kunye nenkqubo yoyilo, ngaloo ndlela isonyusa kakhulu izinga lokurisayikilishwa kweplastiki. Ngokomzekelo, iingxowa zokupakisha ezaveliswa ngaphambili kusetyenziswa i-PE, i-PVC, kunye ne-PP ziveliswa kusetyenziswa amabakala ahlukeneyo e-metallocene polyethylene (mPE), eququzelela ukuphinda kusetyenziswe.
Amazinga okuphinda asetyenziswe kweplastiki kwihlabathi nakumazwe amakhulu ngo-2019
Ngo-2020, ilizwe lam latya ngaphezulu kwe-100 yezigidi zeetoni zeplastiki, malunga ne-55% yazo yashiywa, kubandakanya iimveliso zeplastiki ezilahlwayo kunye neempahla ezilahliweyo. Ngo-2019, izinga lokwenziwa ngokutsha kweplastiki yelizwe lam lalingama-30% (jonga uMfanekiso 1), ongaphezulu komndilili wehlabathi. Nangona kunjalo, amazwe aphuhlileyo aqulunqe amacebo amabhongo okurisayikilishwa kweplastiki, kwaye amazinga awo okurisayiklishwa kwawo aza kunyuka kakhulu kwixesha elizayo. Ngaphantsi kombono wokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni, ilizwe lethu liya kwandisa kakhulu izinga lokuphinda lisetyenziswe kwiplastiki.
iindawo zokusetyenziswa kwenkunkuma yeplastiki yelizwe lam ngokusisiseko ziyafana nezo zemathiriyeli ekrwada, kunye ne-East China, i-South China, kunye noMntla we-China zezona ziphambili. Amazinga okuphinda asetyenziswe ahluka kakhulu phakathi kwemizi-mveliso. Ngokukodwa, izinga lokuphinda lisetyenziswe ukupakishwa kunye neeplastiki zemihla ngemihla ezivela kubathengi abakhulu beeplastiki ezilahlwayo kuphela yi-12% (jonga uMfanekiso 2), oshiya indawo enkulu yokuphucula. Iiplastiki ezisetyenzisiweyo zinoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo, ngaphandle kwezimbalwa ezifana nokupakishwa kwezonyango kunye nokutya, apho izinto ezihlaziyiweyo zinokongezwa.
Kwixesha elizayo, izinga lelizwe lam lokurisayikilisha iplastiki liya kunyuka kakhulu. Ngo-2030, izinga lokwenziwa ngokutsha kweplastiki yelizwe lam liya kufikelela kuma-45% ukuya kuma-50%. Inkuthazo yayo ikakhulu ivela kwimiba emine: eyokuqala, ukungonelanga kwamandla okuthwala imo engqongileyo kunye nombono wokwakha uluntu olugcina ubutyebi lufuna ukuba uluntu lonke lunyuse izinga lokurisayikilishwa kweplastiki; okwesibini, ixabiso lokurhweba ngekhabhoni liyaqhubeka nokunyuka, kwaye zonke iitoni zeplastiki ezisetyenzisiweyo ziya kwenza iplastiki Umjikelezo wobomi bonke bokunciphisa ikhabhoni yi-3.88 yeetoni, inzuzo yokubuyisela iplastiki iye yanda kakhulu, kwaye izinga lokuphinda lisetyenziswe liphuculwe kakhulu; okwesithathu, zonke iinkampani ezinkulu zeemveliso zeplastiki zibhengeze ukusetyenziswa kweeplastiki ezisetyenzisiweyo okanye ukongezwa kweeplastiki ezisetyenzisiweyo. Imfuno yemathiriyeli esetyenzisiweyo iya kunyuka kakhulu kwixesha elizayo, kwaye ukurisayikilishwa kwakhona kunokwenzeka. Ixabiso leeplastiki liguquliwe; Okwesine, iirhafu zekhabhoni kunye neerhafu zokupakisha eYurophu nase-United States ziya kunyanzela ilizwe lam ukuba linyuse kakhulu izinga lokuphinda lisetyenziswe kwiplastiki.
Iplastiki ehlaziyiweyo inempembelelo enkulu ekungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni. Ngokwezibalo, kuwo wonke umjikelo wobomi, ngokwe-avareji, yonke itoni yeplastiki ephinda isetyenziswe ngokwasemzimbeni iya kunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhon diokside ngeetoni eziyi-4.16 xa kuthelekiswa neeplastiki ezingaphinda zisetyenziswe. Ngokomndilili, yonke itoni yeplastiki ephinda isetyenziswe ngokwekhemikhali iya kunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekharbon diokside ngeetoni eziyi-1.87 xa kuthelekiswa neeplastiki ezingaphinda zisetyenziswe. Ngo-2030, ilizwe lam ukurisayikilishwa kwakhona kweeplastiki kuya kunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ngeetoni ezizizigidi ezili-120, kwaye ukurisayikilishwa ngokwasemzimbeni + nokurisayikilishwa kweekhemikhali (kubandakanywa nokunyangwa kweeplastiki ezigalelwe inkunkuma) kuya kunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ngeetoni ezizigidi ezili-180.
Nangona kunjalo, ishishini lelizwe lam lokurisayikilisha iplastiki lisajongene neengxaki ezininzi. Okokuqala, imithombo yenkunkuma yeplastiki isasazekile, iimilo zeemveliso zeplastiki ezilahlwayo ziyahluka kakhulu, kwaye iintlobo zezinto ezihlukeneyo, okwenza kube nzima kwaye kubize ukuphinda kusetyenziswe inkunkuma yeplastiki kwilizwe lam. Okwesibini, ishishini leplastiki elisetyenzisiweyo lokurisayikilisha linomda ophantsi kwaye ubukhulu becala lishishini lohlobo lweworkshop. Indlela yokuhlela ikakhulu kukwenza ulungelelwaniso ngesandla kwaye iswele itekhnoloji yokuhlela esulungekileyo kunye nezixhobo zefektri. Ukusukela ngo-2020, kukho iinkampani ezingama-26,000 zokurisayikilisha zeplastiki e-China, ezincinci ngokwesikali, zisasazwe ngokubanzi, kwaye zibuthathaka ngokubanzi kwinzuzo. Iimpawu zesakhiwo soshishino zikhokelele kwiingxaki kulawulo lwelizwe lam loshishino lokurisayikilisha iplastiki kunye notyalo-mali olukhulu kwimithombo yolawulo. Okwesithathu, ukuqhekeka kwamashishini kukhokelele kukhuphiswano olukhohlakeleyo. Amashishini anika ingqwalasela ethe kratya kwiinzuzo zexabiso lemveliso kunye nokucutha iindleko zemveliso, kodwa ayakucekisa ukuphuculwa kobuchwepheshe. Uphuhliso lulonke lweshishini luyacotha. Eyona ndlela iphambili yokusebenzisa inkunkuma yeplastiki kukwenza iplastiki esetyenzisiweyo. Emva kokuhlolwa ngesandla kunye nokuhlelwa, kwaye emva koko ngeenkqubo ezinjengokutyumza, ukunyibilika, igranulation, kunye nokuguqulwa, iiplastiki zenkunkuma zenziwe zibe ngamasuntswana eplastiki asetyenzisiweyo anokusetyenziswa. Ngenxa yemithombo entsonkothileyo yeeplastiki ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye nobumdaka obuninzi, uzinzo lomgangatho wemveliso luluhle kakhulu. Kukho imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokomeleza uphando lobugcisa kunye nokuphucula ukuzinza kweeplastiki ezisetyenzisiweyo. Iindlela zokubuyisela iikhemikhali okwangoku azikwazi ukuthengiswa ngenxa yezinto ezifana neendleko eziphezulu zezixhobo kunye ne-catalysts. Ukuqhubeka nokufunda iinkqubo zexabiso eliphantsi kuphando oluphambili kunye nesikhokelo sophuhliso.
Kukho imiqobo emininzi ekuphuhliseni iiplastiki ezonakeleyo
Iiplastiki ezonakaliswayo, ezikwabizwa ngokuba ziiplastiki ezinokonakala kokusingqongileyo, zibhekisa kuhlobo lweplastiki enokuthi ekugqibeleni ithotywe ngokupheleleyo ibe yikharbon diokside, i-methane, amanzi kunye neetyuwa ze-mineralized inorganic of their contents, kunye ne-biomass entsha, phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo kwindalo. Ukunyinwa ziimeko zokuthotywa, imimandla yezicelo, uphando kunye nophuhliso, njl.njl., iiplastiki ezonakeleyo ezikhankanyiweyo ngoku kushishino ikakhulu zibhekisa kwiiplastiki ezinokubola. Iiplastiki ezingonakaliswayo zikhoyo ngoku zi-PBAT, i-PLA, njl. Uphando lwangoku lujolise kwiiplastiki ezinokulawuleka ezinokuthobeka, iiplastiki ezithotywa phantsi kwamaxesha okanye iimeko ezithile.
Ukuhanjiswa kwe-Express, ukuthatha, iingxowa zeplastiki ezilahlwayo, kunye neefilimu ze-mulch zezona ndawo zisetyenziswayo kwiiplastiki ezinokonakala kwixesha elizayo. Ngokwelizwe lam "Izimvo malunga nokomeleza ngakumbi ukuLawulwa koNgcoliseko lwePlastiki", ukuhanjiswa okucacileyo, ukuthatha, kunye neengxowa zeplastiki ezilahlwayo kufuneka zisebenzise iiplastiki ezinokonakala ngo-2025, kunye nokusetyenziswa kweeplastiki ezinokonakala kwifilimu ye-mulch kuyakhuthazwa. Nangona kunjalo, le mimandla ikhankanywe ngasentla iye yandisa ukusetyenziswa kweeplastiki kunye nezinto zeplastiki ezonakeleyo, ezifana nokusebenzisa amaphepha kunye namalaphu angalukwanga endaweni yeplastiki yokupakisha, kwaye iifilimu zokugquma ziye zomeleza ukurisayikilishwa kwakhona. Ngoko ke, izinga lokungena kweeplastiki ezinokubola zingaphantsi kwe-100%. Ngokoqikelelo, ngo-2025, imfuno yeeplastiki ezinokonakala kule mimandla ingasentla iya kuba malunga nezigidi ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-4 zeetoni.
Iiplastiki ze-Biodegradable zinefuthe elilinganiselweyo kwi-carbon neutrality. Ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ye-PBST kungaphantsi kancinane kuphela kune-PP, kunye nokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ye-6.2 yeetoni / iitoni, ephezulu kunokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni yeplastiki yemveli yokurisayikilisha. I-PLA yiplastiki eyonakaliswayo esekwe kwizinto eziphilayo. Nangona ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni yayo kuphantsi, akusiyo i-carbon emissions, kwaye izinto ezisekelwe kwi-bio zisebenzisa amandla amaninzi kwinkqubo yokutyala, ukuvutshelwa, ukwahlula kunye nokucoca.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-06-2024